Field measurements and modeling of dilution in the wake of a US navy frigate

A field measurement and computer modeling effort was made to assess the dilution field of pulped waste materials discharged into the wake of a US Navy frigate. Pulped paper and fluorescein dye were discharged from the frigate's pulper at known rates. The subsequent particle and dye concentration field was then measured throughout the wake by a following vessel using multiple independent measures. Minimum dilution of the pulped paper reached 3.2 x 10(5) within 1900 m behind the frigate, or about 8 min after discharge. Independent measures typically agreed within 25% of one another and within 20% of model predictions. Minimum dilution of dye reached 2.3 x 10(5) at a down-wake distance of approximately 3500 m, or roughly 15 min. Comparison to model measurements were again within 20%. The field test was not only successful at characterizing wake dilution under one set of at-sea conditions, but was successful at validating the computer model used for assessing a wide range of ships and conditions.     

高频地震台阵和三分量台站方位评价性能的比较

本文给出在强噪声条件下台阵和三分量台站后方位角和速度评价性能的理论比较。对于低信噪比（ＳＮＲｓ）性能的理论估计算,可以通过转换加以验证。在一个单源测点,对２３个事件进行实验研究,确定了台阵性能的高信噪比极限。理论分析和模拟结果显示随着信噪比的降低,三分量台站的性能逐步下降。在信噪比非常低的情况下,信号被噪声所覆盖,台站性能达到一种由入射波速的物理局限性所确定的渐近的平稳状态。通过对比,台阵显示出的性能特点是从可能由信号的离散性决定的高信噪比性能水平急剧向低信噪比状态转变。台阵性能转变的信噪比底限足够低,以至于存在这样一组信噪比,使得台阵拥有比较小的方位和速度误差,但是对于三分量站则做不到这一点。